Essential components

Motherboard

Connects all components and allows communication

CPU (Processor)

The central processing unit, often referred to as the brain of the computer.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Temporary fast memory for active tasks.
Easy to identify by it virtual size usually a few GB (setups today hold about 16-64GB on standard use).
This is the memory that holds the everyday tasks running on the PC, like web browsers, the OS it self, Games etc.

Unlike th purpose of a storage device.

*Unlike the hard drive, the memory does not store permanent changes. The hard drive stores changes like saving your game you installed on the computer. It also saves sessions, programs, web browser data, etc.

PSU (Power Supply Unit)

Provides power to the system

*Using these components, the PC can power on and access the BIOS , where first system configurations and hardware checks take place

**Assuming the motherboard and CPU support integrated graphics, allowing you to connect a display and view the system during startup.

Additional parts

Storage device (SSD / HDD/NVME)

Stores your operating system, files, and programs permanently, the computers “long term” memory.

GPU (Graphics Card)

Handles graphics output, especially important for gaming, design, and video processing.

Cooling System

Keeps components at safe temperatures (fans, heatsinks, liquid cooling).
Most systems already include basic cooling (CPU heatsink and case fans). Additional cooling is usually only needed for heavy workloads or high performance builds.

Case (Chassis)

Houses and protects all components, its shape allows airflow for cooling fans.

Cables & Connectors

connects all the components for your PC (SATA cable for HDD and SSD, power cables from the PSU, front panel connectors like power and restart buttons).